"The Male Protector is the Patronising Woman": The Discussion of lntersecting Forms of Oppression in the Dutch Black Women's Magazine Umoja, 1985-1986

Samenvatting

“The existence of black women is denied, at least it is not seen and not heard,” stated Julia da Lima during the 1983 Winteruniversiteit Vrouwenstudies in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The Winteruniversiteit Vrouwenstudies was essentially a gathering of mostly highly educated women who participated in lectures and seminars covering various subjects. Together with Ans Sarianamual and Thelma Ravell, da Lima protested the whiteness of the gathering's programme by giving a speech that is often seen as the climax of the discussions about (anti-)racism that flared up in the Dutch feminist movement in the 1980s. At the same time, the speech can be seen as a catalyst for the emergence of Black women’s organisations such as the Black women’s magazine Umoja.