Old Roads to the Club of Rome.
Environmental problems have always caused concern, protest and opposition. This assertion is examined using some examples from the European society of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and from the rising industrial societies in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Germany and the Netherlands. The article concludes with an analysis of some post-war publications on issues such as resources running out; exhaustion of the soil and pollution, which can be viewed as forerunners of The limits to growth.