Calamidades del Retorno: las transmisiones intergeneracionales del exilio en familias retornadas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21827/mistral.4.42944Keywords:
Dictadura uruguaya (1973–1985), Exilio político, Retorno, Migraciones post autoritarias, Memoria intergeneracional, Nostalgia, Contra-nostalgia, Historias orales, etnografía, Uruguayan dictatorship (1973–1985), Political exile and return, Intergenerational memory, counter-nostalgia, Oral histories, ethnographyAbstract
Esta contribución aborda las transmisiones intergeneracionales del exilio y el retorno en familias uruguayas que huyeron de la persecución política durante la dictadura de los años setenta y ochenta y que regresaron entre 1985 y 1989. A partir de historias orales y métodos etnográficos, se explora cómo madres, padres e hij@s —muchos nacidos o criados en el exterior— construyeron, heredaron y cuestionaron memorias de desplazamiento, pérdida y lucha política.
Si bien el retorno fue celebrado en el discurso oficial como un “reencuentro” nacional, la investigación muestra que estas familias se enfrentaron a una falta de apoyo estatal sostenido, la invisibilización social y una cultura de no-reconocimiento que frecuentemente borró tanto sus aportes a la resistencia durante la dictadura como las profundas rupturas que provocó el exilio. Los progenitores transmitieron una fuerte ‘contra-nostalgia’ y un imperativo moral de regresar, que influyó en la formación identitaria y expectativas de sus hij@s, generando tensiones entre la imagen idealizada del país y las complejas, a veces decepcionantes, realidades del retorno.
El trabajo muestra cómo estas memorias se encarnaron y resignificaron a través de dinámicas familiares, activismo y producción cultural —de cartas y archivos a creaciones contemporáneas—, y revelan, cuatro décadas después de la transición democrática, la persistencia de traumas, redes de solidaridad y formas de “contra-nostalgia” en generaciones migrantes post-exilio. Estas experiencias ofrecen claves para comprender los vínculos entre memoria, pertenencia y reconocimiento en sociedades marcadas por pasados autoritarios.
This contribution examines the intergenerational transmissions of exile and return among Uruguayan families who fled political persecution during the 1970s–1980s dictatorship and returned between 1985–1989. Drawing on oral histories and ethnographic narratives, it explores how exiled parents and their children—many born or raised abroad—constructed, inherited, and contested memories of displacement, loss, and political struggle. Despite the rhetoric of national “reencounter,” el retorno, ethnographic work documents that returning families faced an absence of sustained state support, social invisibilization, and a culture of non-recognition that often erased their contributions to resistance and the profound disruptions exile caused. Parents transmitted a powerful nostalgia and moral imperative to return, which shaped their children’s identities and expectations—often creating tension between an idealized homeland and the complex, disillusioning reality upon return. The findings highlight how memories of exile became embodied, enacted, and later re-signified through family dynamics, political activism, and cultural production, from letters and archives to contemporary creative works. Four decades after the transition to democracy, these experiences reveal enduring legacies of trauma, solidarity, and “counter-nostalgia” within migrant and post-exile generations to this day, offering critical insights for understanding memory, belonging, and the unfinished work of recognition in societies marked by authoritarian pasts.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriela Fried Amilivia

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